The critical angle of attack is the angle of attack which produces maximum lift coefficient.

This is also called the "stall angle of attack".

With the IRS/INS/GPS or visually.

35 ft

For Reference:

• 50ft for Class B or A (<15° AoB at take-off or normal landings)

• 35ft for Class A (dry take-off or steep approach)

• 15ft for Class A (wet take-off)

An ILS (Instrument Landing System) is defined as a precision runway approach aid based on two radio beams which together provide pilots with both vertical and horizontal guidance during an approach to land.

The ILS aerials transmit two lobes. For a pilot on final, the lobe to his right is modulated at a frequency of 150 Hz and the one to his left at 90 Hz. The point where the lobes meet is the centre line of the runway. As the signals on the lobe move from the centre line to either side, their amplitude increases. This means the magnitude of their depth modulation increases. The depth modulation can be considered as a percentage. For example, if an aircraft receives a 15% depth modulated signal from the left and a 5% depth modulated signal from the right, the difference of modulation becomes 10% to the left. This electrical imbalance is sent to the aircraft and the localizer needle is designed in such a way that it will show a deflection to the opposite direction, telling the pilot to go to the right.

When on the centre line, the modulation difference is zero and the needle centres itself.

The glide slope or the glide path provides the pilot with vertical guidance. The glide slope is set such that a glide slope angle of 3 degrees is maintained by the pilot. The needle of the slope moves up, if the aircraft is too low and moves down if it is too much above the required path. The glide slope is on the UHF band (329.15 - 335 Mhz).

The glide slope operates the same way as the localizer. The only difference is that the lobes are emitted on the vertical plane. The upper lobe is modulated at 90 Hz while the bottom one at 150 Hz. Exactly the same way as before, the needle of the slope moves based on the difference in depth modulation. As like before when the modulation difference is nil, the glide needle moves to the very centre of the instrument.

Jet streams are narrow bands of high-speed upper thermal winds at very high altitudes.

Jeppesen charts and plates are simplified and uniform.

• If no IRS/INS/GPS was available, it’s easier to fly a constant heading (but you will need to apply variation).

• If flying over short distances (as done during your training) the error introduced by flying a rhumb line is insi

Glideslope: 329.15-335Mhz UHF 8 degrees either side, 10NM

Localiser: 108.10-111.95Mhz VHF 35 degrees either side, 17NM

An adymensional number relating the lift with the dynamic pressure of the incoming flow. It is dependent on the form of the object and the angle of attack.

Government sources.